Seminars in Spine Surgery
Volume 19, Issue 3 , Pages 177-186 , September 2007

Congenital Spinal Stenosis: Review, Pitfalls, and Pearls of Management

  • Christopher A. Hulen, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Christopher A. Hulen, MD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, William Beaumont Hospital, 3535 West Thirteen Mile Road, Suite 744, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073.
    • ,
  • Harry N. Herkowitz, MD

References 

  1. Glaser JA. Lumbar Spinal stenosis. In:  Frymoyer JW,  Wiesel SW editor. The adult and pediatric spine. (ed 3). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004;
  2. Getty CJ. Lumbar spinal stenosis: the clinical spectrum and the results of operation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;62:481–485
  3. Phan N, Marras C, Midha R, et al. Cervical myelopathy caused by hypoplasia of the atlas: two case reports and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1998;43:629–633
  4. Liliang P, Lui C, Cheng M, et al. Atlantal stenosis: a rare cause of quadriparesis in a child. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(suppl 2):211–213
  5. Asakawa H, Yanaka I, Narushima K, et al. Anomaly of the axis causing cervical myelopathy. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(suppl 1):121–123
  6. Holder JC, FitzRandolph RL, Flanigan S. The spectrum of spinal stenosis. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 1985;14:1–33
  7. Roth M, Krkoska J, Toman I, et al. Morphogenesis of the spinal canal: normal and stenotic. Neuroradiology. 1976;10:277
  8. Anderson PA, Steinmetz MP, Eck JC. Head and neck injuries in athletes. In:  Spivak JM,  Connolly PJ editor. OKU Spine. 3:Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2006;
  9. Countee RW, Vijayanathan T. Congenital stenosis of the cervical spine: diagnosis and management. J Nat Med Assoc. 1979;71:257–264
  10. Prasad SS, O’Malley M, Caplan M, et al. MRI measurements of the cervical spine and their correlation to Pavlov’s ratio. Spine. 2003;28:1263–1268
  11. Amundsen T, Weber H, Lilleas F, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis: clinical and radiologic features. Spine. 1995;20:1178–1186
  12. Pavlov H, Torg JS, Robbie BH, et al. Cervical spinal stenosis: determination with vertebral body ratio method. Radiology. 1987;164:771–775
  13. Herzog RJ, Wiens JJ, Dillingham MF, et al. Normal cervical spine morphometry and cervical spinal stenosis in asymptomatic professional football players (Plain film radiography, multiplanar computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging). Spine. 1991;16(suppl 6):S178–S186
  14. Nakstad P. Myelographic findings in cervical spines without degenerative changes. Neuroradiology. 1987;29:256–258
  15. Torg JS, Guille JT, Jaffe S. Injuries to the cervical spine in American football players. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:112–122
  16. Singh K, Samartzis D, Vaccaro AR, et al. Congenital lumbar spinal stenosis: a prospective, control-matched, cohort radiographic analysis. Spine J. 2005;5:615–622
  17. Eismont FJ, Clifford S, Goldberg M, et al. Cervical sagittal spinal canal size in spine injury. Spine. 1984;9:663–666
  18. Thomas BE, McCullen GM, Yuan HA. Cervical spine injuries in football players. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999;7:338–347
  19. Penning L. Some aspects of plain radiography of the cervical spine in chronic myelopathy. Neurology. 1962;12:513–519
  20. Allen CR, Kang JD. Transient quadriparesis in the athlete. Clin Sport Med. 2002;21:15–27
  21. Ladd AL, Scranton PE. Congenital cervical stenosis presenting as transient quadriplegia in athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:1371–1374
  22. Torg JS, Pavlov H, Genuario SE, et al. Neurapraxia of the cervical spinal cord with transient quadriplegia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:1354–1370
  23. Smith MG, Fulcher M, Shanklin J, et al. The prevalence of congenital cervical spinal stenosis in 262 college and high school football players. J Ky Med Assoc. 1993;91:273–275
  24. Cantu RC. Stingers, transient quadriplegia, and cervical spinal stenosis: return to play criteria. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(suppl):S233–S235
  25. Schneider RS. Serious and fatal neurological football injuries. Clin Neurosurg. 1966;12:226–236
  26. Schneider RS, Reifel E, Grisler H. Serious and fatal football injuries involving the head and spinal cord. JAMA. 1961;177:362–367
  27. Finnoff JT, Mildenberger D, Cassidy CD. Central cord syndrome in a football player with congenital spinal stenosis. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:516–521
  28. Brigham CD, Adamson TE. Permanent partial cervical spinal cord injury in a professional football player who had only congenital stenosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85:1553–1556
  29. Cantu R. Cervical spine injuries in the athlete. Semin Neurol. 2000;20:173–178
  30. Truumees E. Spinal stenosis: pathophysiology, clinical and radiologic classification. AAOS Instr Course Lect. 2005;54:287–302
  31. Eisenstein S. The trefoil configuration of the lumbar vertebral canal: a study of South African skeletal material. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;62:73–77
  32. Bergstrom K, Laurent U, Lundberg PO. Neurological symptoms in achondroplasia. Acta Neurol Scand. 1971;47:59–70
  33. Bethem D, Winter RB, Lutter L, et al. Spinal disorders of dwarfism: review of the literature and review of 80 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:1412–1425
  34. Sarpyener MA. Congenital stricture of the spinal canal. J Bone Joint Surg. 1945;27:70–79
  35. Dauser RC, Chadler WF. Symptomatic congenital spinal stenosis in a child. Neurosurgery. 1982;11:61–63
  36. Smith AY, Woodside JR. Urodynamic evaluation of patients with spinal stenosis. Urology. 1988;32:474–477
  37. Dharker SR, Roman PT, Mathia KU, et al. Congenital stenosis of the lumbar canal: a study of 60 cases. Neurol India. 1978;26:1–6
  38. Birkenfeld R, Kasdon DL. Congenital lumbar ridge causing spinal claudication in adolescents: report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg. 1978;49:441–444
  39. Varughese G, Quartey GRC. Familial lumbar spinal stenosis with acute disc herniations: case reports of four brothers. J Neurosurg. 1979;51:234–236
  40. Hurko O, Uematsu S. Neurosurgical considerations in skeletal dysplasias. Neurosurg Q. 1993;3:192–217
  41. Moskowitz N, Carson B, Kopits S, et al. Foramen magnum decompression in an infant with homozygous achondroplasia. J Neurosurg. 1989;70:126–128
  42. Debousset J, Masson CL. Spinal disorders: kyphosis and lumbar stenosis. In:  Nicolette B,  Kopits SE,  Ascani E, et al. editor. Human achondroplasia. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1988;p. 299–303
  43. Kopits SE. Thoracolumbar kyphosis and lumbosacral hyperlordosis in achondroplastic children. In:  Nicolette B,  Kopits SE,  Ascani E, et al. editor. Human achondroplasia. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1988;p. 241–255
  44. Lonstein JE. Anatomy of the lumbar spinal canal. In:  Nicolette B,  Kopits SE,  Ascani E, et al. editor. Human achondroplasia. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1988;p. 219–226
  45. Silverman FN. Radiologic features of achondroplasia. In:  Nicolette B,  Kopits SE,  Ascani E, et al. editor. Human achondroplasia. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1988;p. 31–44
  46. Uematsu S, Wang H, Hurko O, et al. The subarachnoid fluid space in achondroplastic spinal stenosis. In:  Nicolette B,  Kopits SE,  Ascani E, et al. editor. Human achondroplasia. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1988;p. 275–281
  47. Wynne-Davies R, Walsh WK, Gormley J. Achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia. J Bone Joint Surg. 1981;63:508–515
  48. Nasca R. Lumbar spinal stenosis: surgical considerations. J South Orthop Assoc. 2002;11:127–134
  49. Hall GJ. The natural history of achondroplasia. In:  Nicolette B,  Kopits SE,  Ascani E, et al. editor. Human achondroplasia. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1988;p. 3–9
  50. Weigand N, Jodicke A, Heckmann M, et al. Cervical myelopathy in a newborn with achondroplasia. Klin Padiatr. 2006;218:62–66
  51. Keiper GL, Koch B, Crone KR. Achondroplasia and cervicomedullary compression: prospective evaluation and treatment. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1999;31:78–83
  52. Misra SN, Morgan HW. Thoracolumbar spinal deformity in achondroplasia. Neurosurg Focus. 2003;14:e4
  53. Ain MC, Browne JA. Spinal arthrodesis with instrumentation for thoracolumbar kyphosis in pediatric achondroplasia. Spine. 2004;29:2075–2080
  54. Thomeer RT, van Dijk. Surgical treatment of lumbar stenosis in achondroplasia. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(suppl 3):292–297
  55. Ain MC, Elmaci I, Hurko O, et al. Reoperation for spinal restenosis in achondroplasia. J Spinal Dis. 2000;13:168–173
  56. Morgan DF, Young RF. Spinal neurological complications of achondroplasia. J Neurosurg. 1980;52:463–472
  57. Pyeritz RE, Sack GH, Udvarhelyi GB. Thoracolumbosacral laminectomy in achondroplasia. Am J Med Genet. 1987;28:433–444
  58. Beals RK. Hypoachondroplasia: report of five kindreds. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1969;51:728
  59. Herman TE, Lee BCP, McAlister WH. Brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasis punctata with marked cervical stenosis and cord compression: report of two cases. Pediatr Radiol. 2002;32:452–456
  60. Ritterbusch JF, McGinty LD, Spar J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for stenosis and subluxation in Klippel-Feil Syndrome. Spine. 1991;16S:539–541
  61. Kumar D, Masel JP. A new multiple malformation syndrome of Mullerian dysgenesis and conductive hearing loss with facial hypoplasia, bilateral forearm deformity, brachydactyly, spinal stenosis and scoliosis. Clin Genet. 1997;52:30–36
  62. Delfini FR, Gambacorta D, Cantore GP. Congenital stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal: comparison of results of surgical treatment for this and other causes of lumbar syndrome. Acta Neurochir. 1978;42:199
  63. Verbiest H. Results of surgical treatment of idiopathic developmental stenosis of the lumbar vertebral canal. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1977;59:181–188

PII: S1040-7383(07)00056-1

doi: 10.1053/j.semss.2007.06.006

Seminars in Spine Surgery
Volume 19, Issue 3 , Pages 177-186 , September 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution